Turkish Journal of Surgery
ISSN: 2564-6850
e-ISSN: 2564-7032

Frequency of axillary nodal complete pathological response of breast cancer patients in neoadjuvant chemotherapy setting: A cross-sectional study

Syeda Sakina Abidi1, Lubna Vohra1, Asad Ali Kerawala2, Annam Kafeel1, Muhammad Umair Tahseen3, Saad Javed1

1Clinic of Breast Surgery, Aga Khan Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
2Clinic of Surgical Oncology, Cancer Foundation Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
3Clinic of General Surgery, Dr. Ruth K. M. Pfau Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan

Abstract

Objective: Pathological complete response (pCR) occurs in about 20-30% of patients undergoing systemic neoadjuvant therapy. This leads to the idea of sparing the patient the morbidity associated with axillary surgery. “Wait and watch” policy for cancers which achieve complete pathological response on neoadjuvant systemic therapy is a well-established practice in various cancers like the esophagus, rectum and larynx. This has led to organ preservation protocols being practiced worldwide for these cancers without affecting the overall survival of the patient. We believe patients undergoing a complete pathological response in the breast may be spared axillary surgery. Axillary surgery leads to morbidity and extra financial burden with no added advantage in survival.

Material and Methods: A total of 326 patients with breast cancer who had received neoadjuvant systemic chemotherapy from 2015 to 2020 were included in our retrospective study. Final histopathology of the breast and axillary surgery was noted to report the frequency of complete pathological response. The frequency of positive nodal disease with respect to stage, grade and type of cancer was measured.

Results: Among 326 patients, our study showed that 53% of patients with complete pathological response in breast also had complete response in the axilla compared to 43% with incomplete pathological response. No significant difference was found for age, menopausal status, initial tumor size when patients with complete pathological response were compared to non or partial responders. The rate of complete pathological response was higher in patients with clinically node negative patients after NACT, hormone negative, HER2 positive and triple negative population.

Conclusion: Our results indicated that 53% of the patients who developed complete pathological response in the breast underwent needless axillary procedure. Axillary surgery can be staged after the breast surgery if residual tumor is present on the histopathological specimen. In case of pCR, omission of axillary surgery can be considered. However, a larger population, multi-centric studies are needed for treatment guidelines.

Keywords: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy, axillary nodal response, breast cancer

Introduction

Pakistan has reported the highest incidence of breast cancer among Asian countries except Israel. According to a study, the projected incidence of breast cancer will rise to approximately from 23.1% in 2020 to 60.7% in 2025 (1,2). In Pakistan, one in every nine woman is at risk of developing breast cancer (3). The mortality rate in our country is one of the highest in South Asia owing to ignorance, lack of awareness and the dearth of a centralized screening program (3). Our breast cancer patients develop cancer at a comparatively younger age and present more frequently with an advanced stage cancer (4,5). Health prediction models point towards an increasing incidence in breast cancer worldwide including Pakistan (6,7). Breast cancer will be more prevalent in younger women, leading to more distress and affecting more families. Despite higher incidence of the disease, there are fewer facilities available countrywide to perform sentinel node biopsy, and hence, axillary dissection is still a standard procedure to address the axilla regardless of axillary nodal status in neoadjuvant setting resulting in additional morbidity of arm swelling and lymphedema.

Surgical management of the axilla in curable breast cancer has undergone a major paradigm shift in the last few decades. Historically, Halstead mastectomy was the biggest achievement endorsing the concept to address local disease aggressively which resulted in extensive mutilation and morbidity, afterwards in 1902, modified radical mastectomy emerged and was widely accepted endorsing the fact that breast cancer is a systemic disease and hence local treatment should not be aggressive in presence of effective adjuvant chemotherapy though carrying the risk of lymphedema and arm swelling (8-14).

In the late 20s, sentinel node biopsy became the preferred method for staging early breast cancer patients with clinically impalpable lymph nodes in the axilla (15-18). Trials like (NSABP32, ALMANAC, Sentinella-GIVOM) proved SLNB was safe and effective in determining axillary metastasis and should be used instead of a formal axillary dissection in early breast cancer patients without clinically palpable nodes in the axilla (19-21). The ACOSOG Z0011 trial further established this by showing no benefit of ALND if one or two sentinel nodes were found positive for cancer in breast conservation setting (22). However, the use of sentinel lymph node biopsy after neoadjuvant treatment for breast cancer is not widely established. Higher false negative rate and lower detection rate after systemic therapy, as shown by the SENTINA trial and other studies, can be reduced with dual mapping and identification of at least three SLNs perioperatively.

Pathological complete response (pCR) occurs in about 20-30% of patients undergoing systemic neoadjuvant therapy. This leads to the idea of sparing the patient the morbidity associated with axillary surgery (23). A pCR is defined as no residual invasive disease in the breast and the axillary lymph nodes with rates varying according to the different breast cancer (BC) subtype. Hormone receptor-positive and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative 7-16% hormone receptor-positive and HER2-positive 30-40%, hormone receptor-negative and HER2-positive 50-70%, triple-negative BC (TNBC) 25-33% (24).

“Wait and watch” policy for cancers which achieve complete pathological response on neoadjuvant systemic therapy is a well-established practice in various cancers like the esophagus, rectum and larynx (25). This has led to organ preservation protocols being practiced worldwide for these cancers without affecting the overall survival of the patient (25). We believe that patients undergoing complete pathological response in the breast may be spared an axillary surgery. Axillary surgery leads to morbidity and extra financial burden with no added advantage in survival as the patient is already cancer free after neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

This study will help us determine the subset of patients who can be spared an axillary surgery. In addition to saving the morbidity of an open procedure, this will lead to economic benefit for the patient and the society as a whole.

Material and Methods

Between January 1st, 2015 to December 31st, 2020, the data of a total of 326 patients with diagnosed breast cancer and who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery was retrospectively included in this study. Tumor stage and immuno-histochemistry were recorded along with the final histopathology report of the breast and the axilla. All patients included in the study were above 18 years of age with diagnosed breast cancer, who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy. However, the patients who were operated on outside our hospital or whose histopathology specimen was reported and tested elsewhere and the patients who had incomplete medical records were excluded from the study. Sentinel node biopsy was performed by dual dye technique (radio-isotope and methylene blue dye), at least three sentinel nodes were retrieved in post neo-adjuvant patients. In case three nodes could not be found, the procedure was converted to formal axillary dissection to reduce false negative rate. In addition, if one or more sentinel nodes were positive for micro or macro metastasis, axillary dissection was performed.

The ethical exemption for this study was approved by the ethics review committee. Patients’ personal information was deleted at the time of analysis and all responses were de-identified after data entry to maintain anonymization. No techniques were used to impetrate missing data so as to prevent bias in the study. Demographical and tumor related characteristics were calculated as descriptive. Chi-square test was used to compare the groups of achievers and nonachievers of complete pathological response with respect to patient’s demographic and cancer related data and the patients who received negative axillary lymph node status over histopathology after axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). A logistic regression model was fitted to identify the predictors associated with complete pathological response and negative axillary lymph node status after ALND for the patients receiving NACT. The data was analyzed through SPSS software version. 22.0.

Results

A total number of 326 accessible patients receiving NACT were included into the study. Mean age of the patients was 50.2 years. The median of abnormal breast lymph nodes prior to chemotherapy was one (SD= 0.897, R= 0-5) while the median of abnormal breast lymph nodes after chemotherapy was zero (SD= 0.792, R= 0-3). Median tumor size was 30 mm (SD= 12.6, R= 1-167). A total of 191 patients (65%) underwent core biopsy of the lymph nodes for metastasis, a median of three sentinel lymph nodes were removed (SD= 3, R= 0-4) among which a median of zero lymph nodes were positive on histopathology. Around half of the patients (53%) had a cancer clinical stage of T2N1, with most patients having grade II CA (73%) in the study.

Among the assayed cases, most patients had ER-/PR-/HER2+ status on histopathology (37.5%). Later, during follow-up, a total of 197 patients (67.5%) underwent axillary lymph node dissection, the positive lymph nodes on biopsy had a median of one (SD= 3.41, R= 0-20). Most patients (56.7%) underwent modified radical mastectomy. Baseline characteristics of the patients and tumors are described in Table 1.

Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the patients and tumors and axillary node status

Complete versus incomplete pathological response of the tumor and axillary lymph nodes in response to NACT were analyzed through univariate analysis and summarized in Table 2. A total of 104 patients (67.1%) achieved complete pathological response in the breast after NACT. It was observed that equivalent percentages of the patients with age group <50 and >50 achieved complete pathological response, which was statistically significant (<50 and >50= 30% and 70%; p= .001). Premenopausal women were observed to achieve pCR slightly higher than postmenopausal women (pre MP= 33.6%, post MP= 29.2%; p= 0.58), but the difference was not statically significant. Similarly, patients with clinical stage T0, T1 and T2 achieved pCR more than those with high clinical stage of T3 and T4, yet the difference was not significant (T0, T1, T2 and T3, T4 group= 31.3% and 25%; p= 0.48). The percentage of the patients with grade I, II and III achieving complete response was significantly comparable (grade I, II and III, group= 29% and 35%; p= 0.01). Patients with pre-treatment estrogen negative status achieved high pCR rate than patients with pre-treatment estrogen positive status (estrogen positive group= 17%, estrogen negative group= 43%; p= 0.001).

Table 2. Univariate analysis of patient and tumor characteristics and comparison between complete versus incomplete pathological response of primary tumor and axillary nodes after neoadjuvant chemotherapy

Potential predictors for complete pathological response were analyzed by fitting into a logistic regression model. Patients of age <50 years had very high odds of achieving pCR after NACT, but the result was insignificant (OR= 2.8; 1.07 CI, p= 0.30). Similarly, pre-menopausal women were very likely to achieve pCR after NACT (OR= 3.92; 1.83 CI, p= 0.18). Patients with grade I and II had fair chances of achieving pCR (OR= 1.4; .35 CI, p= 0.56). The patient group with estrogen negative status prior to treatment had very higher odds of achieving complete pathological response after NACT (OR= 4.5; 6.94 CI, p= 0.01). The details are summarized in Table 3. The patient group having negative lymph nodes post ALND achieved higher percentage of pCR than patients with positive lymph node status post ALND (negative LN and positive LN= 53% and 3%, p= 0.001) as illustrated in Figure 1.

Table 3. Logistic regression analysis. Association of patient’s demographics, estrogen receptor status and tumor characteristics with complete pathologic response


Figure 1. Illustrating the count of the achievers and non-achievers of complete patholo- gical response among patient groups who were clinically node negative versus clinically node positive after NACT.

A logistic regression model was fitted for analyzing the potential predictors of negative axillary lymph nodes status achievement after axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) in patients receiving NACT. The details are given in Table 4. The patients with initial tumor size >20 mm prior to NACT had high chances of achieving negative axillary nodal status on histopathology (OR= 1.6; .5, p= 0.48). The patient group with estrogen negative tumor had fair chances of achieving negative axillary response post NACT (OR= 1.3; .34 CI, p= 0.56).

Table 4. Logistic regression analysis. Association of patient’s demographics, estrogen receptor status and tumor characteristics with negative lymph nodes after axillary lymph node dissection

Discussion

After significant achievements in the de-escalation of breast surgery using neoadjuvant chemotherapy, there is growing interest in the de-escalation of axillary surgery. Our study reported that 67.1% of 326 post neoadjuvant patients achieved complete pathological response in the breast, and of these, 53% of the patients also had complete response in the axilla. In a recent study by Sanaz, it has been reported that 97% with breast pCR had a negative lymph node metastasis comparing to 71.6% without pCR (26). In another study at Samsung medical center, it has been evaluated that in a study of 1044 patients, 87% of patients with breast pCR have also achieved axillary pCR with overall 51% patients achieved pCR in total study (27). We reported clinically N0 status after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and hormone receptor negative/HER2 positive tumors were most likely to achieve pCR in the axilla. Similar rates of pCR have been seen in a recently published study by Lim et al., where ~44% of HER2+ patients and ~37% of triple negative patients achieved pathological complete response (28). Our study also showed a positive relation between the receptor status and breast and axillary pCR with 41% patients with initial ER-status achieving pCR compared to 17.1% patients with ER+ tumors with 4.5 OR, 6.94 CI .01 p-value. For patients with both breast and axilla pCR response, when compared with subtypes according to receptor status, it was observed that in HER2+ patients, 64% and in triple negative group patients, 37.9% achieved pCR. Achieving breast pCR after neoadjuvant treatment has been linked with better survival outcomes (29). However, Kuerer et al. were the first to report relationship between breast and axillary complete response in 1998 which brought attention to possible de-escalation treatment strategies in this patient population (30). Our findings were also in line with the National Cancer Database (NCDB) analysis reporting complete response in 30.821 cT1-2N0-1 breast cancers for HER2-positive (*44%) and triple-negative (*37%) subtypes (31).

In another study, Tadros et al. have demonstrated a strong correlation between breast pCR and axilla pCR in their study. They have noted that breast pCR was higher in triple negative group with 37.5% compared to HER2+ group with 35.7%, and further they have concluded that 527 patients who achieved pCR with NST having HER2+ and triple negative breast cancer were all later found to have axillay pCR in the nodes (32). A similar study showed a strong correlation in achieving breast pCR with NST in patients with ER-, triple negative and ER+ HER2+ patients although they received low PCR rates in ER+ HER2- patients (33).

A large randomized prospective trial, ACSOG Z1071, has also reported similar responses to neoadjuvant therapy with regard to tumor biology. Seven hundred and one patients with cT1-T4, N1-N2 disease were recruited. Of triple negative tumors, 47% achieved complete pathological response, amongst these, 80% of patients also achieved complete response in the axilla (34-36).

As of now, surgical treatment remains gold standard for patients who have complete response in the breast. Although multiple trials like RESPONDER, NRG-BR005, MICRA trials are underway to identify group of patients with exceptional response to NAST identified with core needle biopsy of the tumor bed, these patients can avoid breast surgery. However, the current reported false negative rates by these studies are higher than the accepted threshold (37).

Retrospective data with a small cohort is one of the limitations of this study. Nevertheless, our results are in accordance with large randomized trials like ACSOG Z1071 supporting its applicability.

The idea that patients who achieve breast pCR can be spared of surgery leads to an exciting pathway of de-escalation in breast cancer treatment. Thus, identifying the group of patients who are more sensitive to NACT, refinement of techniques to reduce false negative rate of core needle biopsy of the tumor bed to detect pCR will not only help to minimize breast surgery but also recognize selective patients who are more likely to achieve axillary pCR in association with the breast, and hence, the omission of axillary surgery can also be considered.

Cite this article as: Abidi SS, Vohra L, Kerawala AA, Kafeel A, Tahseen MU, Javed S. Frequency of axillary nodal complete pathological response of breast cancer patients in neoadjuvant chemotherapy setting: A cross-sectional study. Turk J Surg 2023; 39 (2): 136-144.

Ethics Committee Approval

This study was approved by Aga Khan University Ethics Review Committee (Decision no: 2021-6022-17743, Date: 05.05.2021).

Peer Review

Externally peer-reviewed.

Author Contributions

Concept - AAK; Design - SSD; Supervision - LV; Fundings - LV; Data Collection and/or Processing - AAK, SSD, AK; Analysis and/ or Interpretation - UT; Literature Search - SJ; Writing Manuscript - SSD, AAK; Critical Reviews - LV.

Conflict of Interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Financial Disclosure

The authors declared that this study has received no financial support.

References

  1. Mubarik S, Yu Y, Wang F, Malik SS, Liu X, Fawad M, et al. Epidemiological and sociodemographic transitions of female breast cancer incidence, death, case fatality and DALYs in 21 world regions and globally, from 1990 to 2017: An age-period-cohort analysis. J Adv Res 2022; 37: 185-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2021.07.012
  2. Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: Sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. Int J Cancer 2015; 136(5): E359-86. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.29210
  3. Bhurgri Y, Bhurgri A, Nishter S, Ahmed A, Usman A, Pervez S, et al. Pakistan - country profile of cancer and cancer control 1995-2004. J Pak Med Assoc 2006; 56: 124-30.
  4. Soomro R, Faridi S, Khurshaidi N, Zahid N, Mamshad I. Age and stage of breast cancer in Pakistan: An experience at a tertiary care center. J Pak Med Assoc 2018; 68(11): 1682-5.
  5. Agarwal G, Pradeep PV, Aggarwal V, Yip CH, Cheung PS. Spectrum of breast cancer in Asian women. World J Surg 2007; 31(5): 1031-40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-005-0585-9
  6. Zaheer S, Shah N, Maqbool SA, Soomro NM. Estimates of past and future time trends in age-specific breast cancer incidence among women in Karachi, Pakistan: 2004-2025. BMC Public Health 2019; 19(1): 1001. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7330-z
  7. Yasmeen F, Zaheer S. Functional time series models to estimate future age-specific breast cancer incidence rates for women in Karachi, Pakistan. J Health Sci 2014; 2(5): 213.
  8. Halsted WS. I. The results of radical operations for the cure of carcinoma of the breast. Ann Surg 1907; 46(1): 1-19. https://doi. org/10.1097/00000658-190707000-00001
  9. Madden JL, Kandalaft S, Bourque RA. Modified radical mastectomy. Ann Surg 1972; 175(5): 624-34. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000658- 197205000-00002
  10. Maddox WA, Carpenter JT Jr, Laws HL, Soong SJ, Cloud G, Urist MM, et al. A randomized prospective trial of radical (Halsted) mastectomy versus modified radical mastectomy in 311 breast cancer patients. Ann Surg 1983; 198(2): 207-12. https://doi. org/10.1097/00000658-198308000-00016
  11. Turner L, Swindell R, Bell WG, Hartley RC, Tasker JH, Wilson WW, et al. Radical versus modified radical mastectomy for breast cancer. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1981; 63(4): 239-43.
  12. Veronesi U, Cascinelli N, Mariani L, Greco M, Saccozzi R, Luini A, et al. Twenty-year follow-up of a randomized study comparing breastconserving surgery with radical mastectomy for early breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2002; 347(16): 1227-32. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa020989
  13. Poggi MM, Danforth DN, Sciuto LC, Smith SL, Steinberg SM, Liewehr DJ, et al. Eighteen-year results in the treatment of early breast carcinoma with mastectomy versus breast conservation therapy: The National Cancer Institute randomized trial. Cancer 2003; 98(4): 697-702. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.11580
  14. Fisher B, Anderson S, Bryant J, Margolese RG, Deutsch M, Fisher ER, et al. Twenty-year follow-up of a randomized trial comparing total mastectomy, lumpectomy, and lumpectomy plus irradiation for the treatment of invasive breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2002; 347(16): 1233- 41. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa022152
  15. Krag DN, Weaver DL, Alex JC, Fairbank JT. Surgical resection and radiolocalization of the sentinel lymph node in breast cancer using a gamma probe. Surg Oncol 1993; 2(6): 335-9; discussion 340. https:// doi.org/10.1016/0960-7404(93)90064-6
  16. Krag DN, Anderson SJ, Julian TB, Brown AM, Harlow SP, Ashikaga T, et al. Technical outcomes of sentinel-lymph-node resection and conventional axillary-lymph-node dissection in patients with clinically node-negative breast cancer: Results from the NSABP B-32 randomised phase III trial. Lancet Oncol 2007; 8(10): 881-8. https://doi. org/10.1016/S1470-2045(07)70278-4
  17. Mansel RE, Fallowfield L, Kissin M, Goyal A, Newcombe RG, Dixon JM, et al. Randomized multicenter trial of sentinel node biopsy versus standard axillary treatment in operable breast cancer: The ALMANAC Trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006; 98(9): 599-609. https://doi.org/10.1093/ jnci/djj158
  18. Zavagno G, De Salvo GL, Scalco G, Bozza F, Barutta L, Del Bianco P, et al. A randomized clinical trial on sentinel lymph node biopsy versus axillary lymph node dissection in breast cancer: Results of the Sentinella/GIVOM trial. Ann Surg 2008; 247(2): 207-13. https://doi. org/10.1097/SLA.0b013e31812e6a73
  19. Giuliano AE, Ballman KV, McCall L, Beitsch PD, Brennan MB, Kelemen PR, et al. Effect of axillary dissection vs no axillary dissection on 10- year overall survival among women with invasive breast cancer and sentinel node metastasis: The ACOSOG Z0011 (alliance) randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2017; 318(10): 918-26. https://doi.org/10.1001/ jama.2017.11470
  20. Kuehn T, Bauerfeind I, Fehm T, Fleige B, Hausschild M, Helms G, et al. Sentinel-lymph-node biopsy in patients with breast cancer before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (SENTINA): A prospective, multicentre cohort study. Lancet Oncol 201; 14(7): 609-18. https://doi. org/10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70166-9
  21. Cortazar P, Zhang L, Untch M, Mehta K, Costantino JP, Wolmark N, et al. Pathological complete response and long-term clinical benefit in breast cancer: The CTNeoBC pooled analysis. Lancet 2014; 384(9938): 164-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62422-8
  22. Telli ML, Gradishar WJ, Ward JH. NCCN guidelines updates: breast cancer. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2019; 17(5.5): 552-5.
  23. Del Prete S, Caraglia M, Luce A, Montella L, Galizia G, Sperlongano P, et al. Clinical and pathological factors predictive of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer: A single center experience. Oncol Lett 2019; 18(4): 3873-9. https://doi.org/10.3892/ ol.2019.10729
  24. Buonomo OC, Grasso A, Pistolese CA, Anemona L, Portarena I, Meucci R, et al. Evaluation of concordance between histopathological, radiological and biomolecular variables in breast cancer neoadjuvant treatment. Anticancer Res 2020; 40(1): 281-6. https://doi.org/10.21873/ anticanres.13950
  25. van der Valk MJ, Hilling DE, Bastiaannet E, Kranenbarg EM, Beets GL, Figueiredo NL, et al. Long-term outcomes of clinical complete responders after neoadjuvant treatment for rectal cancer in the International Watch & Wait Database (IWWD): An international multicentre registry study. The Lancet 2018; 391(10139): 2537-45.
  26. Samiei S, van Nijnatten TJA, de Munck L, Keymeulen KBMI, Simons JM, Kooreman LFS, et al. Correlation between pathologic complete response in the breast and absence of axillary lymph node metastases after neoadjuvant systemic therapy. Ann Surg 2020; 271(3): 574-80. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000003126
  27. Choi HJ, Ryu JM, Kim I, Nam SJ, Kim SW, Yu J, et al. Prediction of axillary pathologic response with breast pathologic complete response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2019; 176(3): 591-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-019-05214-y
  28. Lim DW, Greene BD, Look Hong NJ. Relationship between breast and axillary pathologic complete response in women receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2021; 28(10): 5495-506. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-021-10519-8
  29. Gass P, Lux MP, Rauh C, Hein A, Bani MR, Fiessler C, et al. Prediction of pathological complete response and prognosis in patients with neoadjuvant treatment for triple-negative breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2018; 18(1): 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-018-4925-1
  30. Kuerer HM, Newman LA, Buzdar AU, Dhingra K, Hunt KK, Buchholz TA, et al. Pathologic tumor response in the breast following neoadjuvant chemotherapy predicts axillary lymph node status. Cancer J Sci Am 1998; 4(4): 230-6.
  31. Green MC, Buzdar AU, Smith T, Ibrahim NK, Valero V, Rosales MF, et al. Weekly paclitaxel improves pathologic complete remission in operable breast cancer when compared with paclitaxel once every 3 weeks. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23(25): 5983-92. https://doi.org/10.1200/ JCO.2005.06.232
  32. Tadros AB, Yang WT, Krishnamurthy S, Rauch GM, Smith BD, Valero V, et al. Identification of patients with documented pathologic complete response in the breast after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for omission of axillary surgery. JAMA Surg 2017; 152(7): 665-70. https://doi. org/10.1001/jamasurg.2017.0562
  33. Barron AU, Hoskin TL, Day CN, Hwang ES, Kuerer HM, Boughey JC. Association of low nodal positivity rate among patients with ERBB2- positive or triple-negative breast cancer and breast pathologic complete response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. JAMA Surg 2018; 153(12): 1120-6. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2018.2696
  34. Ohzawa H, Sakatani T, Niki T, Yasuda Y, Hozumi Y. Pathological responses and survival of patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy including trastuzumab. Breast Cancer 2014; 21(5): 563-70 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12282-012-0424-4
  35. van Loevezijn AA, van der Noordaa MEM, van Werkhoven ED, Loo CE, Winter-Warnars GAO, Wiersma T, et al. Minimally invasive complete response assessment of the breast after neoadjuvant systemic therapy for early breast cancer (MICRA trial): Interim analysis of a multicenter observational cohort study. Ann Surg Oncol 2021; 28(6): 3243- 53. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-020-09273-0
  36. Dubsky P, Tausch C. Identification of breast cancer patients with pathologic complete response in the breast after neoadjuvant systemic treatment by Pfob et al. Eur J Cancer 2021; 143: 178-9. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ejca.2020.12.003
  37. Pfob A, Sidey-Gibbons C, Lee HB, Tasoulis MK, Koelbel V, Golatta M, et al. Identification of breast cancer patients with pathologic complete response in the breast after neoadjuvant systemic treatment by an intelligent vacuum-assisted biopsy. Eur J Cancer 2021; 143: 134-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2020.11.006